malady 2

My computer is ill again. I'm afraid I have to admit him to the PC hospital tomorrow.

Update #1: The PC doctor says it may be the brain (aka harddisk). But he's still testing his hypothesis.

credit: www.mediorta.com

Update #2: The doctor says the brain's got to be first cloned and then replaced.
Update #3: My computer is expected to be released from hospital this afternoon (Tuesday).
Update #4: The convalescent is back home again. Cloning seems to have worked smoothly.

a new book on North American English

Jørgen Staun, associate professor at Copenhagen University, has just published An Introduction to the Pronunciation of North American English. The publisher is University Press of Southern Denmark. The current list price is DKK 348,00 for a book with 311 pages.

Here's the table of contents of this "lærebog":

Preface

PART I

1    Introduction to American English
1.1  North American English dialects
1.2  The delimitation of a reference dialect of North American English
1.3  Summary of the main points

2    The phoneme and the phoneme inventory of North American English
2.1  Introduction
2.2  The phoneme and the linguistic hierarchy
2.3  Phonemes and allophones
2.4  The phoneme as an organising unit of sound structure
2.5  Establishing the phoneme inventory of NAERD
2.6  Summary

3    Obstruent consonants in American English
3.1  Articulatory, acoustic and auditory descriptions
3.2  The organs of speech and their three systems: articulatory, phonatory and respiratory
3.3  The Classification of the consonant system
3.4  Classes of obstruents in NAERD – stops
    3.4.1 Plosive versus affricate
    3.4.2 Strong versus weak
    3.4.3 Different kinds of release
    3.4.4 Summing up the manner and energy of stops
3.5  Individual stops
    3.5.1 The affricates
    3.5.2 The plosives
    3.5.3 Summing up the individual stops
3.6  Classes of obstruents in NAERD – fricatives
    3.6.1 Sibilant and non-sibilant fricatives
    3.6.2 Strong versus weak
    3.6.3 Summing up the manner and energy of fricatives
3.7  The individual fricatives
    3.7.1 Sibilants
    3.7.2 The non-sibilant fricatives
    3.7.3 Summing up the individual fricatives
3.8  Summarising the obstruent consonants of NAERD

4     Sonorant consonants in American English
4.1  Types of sonorant consonants
4.2  The individual sonorants
    4.2.1 The nasals
    4.2.2 The approximant /r/
    4.2.3 The approximants /j/ and /w/
    4.2.4 The lateral /l/
    4.2.5 Summing up the individual sonorants
    4.3  Syllabic consonants
    4.4  Summarising the sonorant consonants of NAERD

5    Vowels in American English
5.1  How to describe vowels
5.2  Subclasses of vowels
    5.2.1 Checked and free vowels
    5.2.2 Monophthongs and diphthongs
    5.2.3 Classification according to place and height
    5.2.4 Vowels before /r/
5.3  Ongoing vowel changes in American English
    5.3.1 The Northern Cities Shift
    5.3.2 The Southern Vowel Shift
    5.3.3 Summing up the vowel description
5.4  The individual vowels
    5.4.1 Subsystem A – checked vowels
    5.4.2 Subsystem B – free monophthongs
    5.4.3 Subsystem C – front-closing diphthongs
    5.4.4 Subsystem D – back-closing diphthongs
    5.4.5 Summing up the individual vowels
5.5  Vowels in unstressed syllables
    5.5.1 Unstressed syllables of content words
    5.5.2 Reduction in form words in connected speech
    5.5.3 Summing up vowels in unstressed syllables
5.6  Summarising the vowels of NAERD

PART II

6    Syllable structure in American English
6.1  Prosodic or suprasegmental phenomena
6.2  Introduction to syllable structure
6.3  The structure of the syllable
6.4  The sonority sequencing principle
6.5  Permissible onsets and codas in NAERD
    6.5.1 Onsets
    6.5.2 Codas
    6.5.3 The main points about the structure of onsets and codas
6.6  The syllabification of polysyllabic words
6.7  Summary of syllable structure

7    Word stress in American English
7.1  Introduction to word stress
7.2  Stress rules in non-compounds
    7.2.1 The root stress rule
    7.2.2 The antepenult rule
    7.2.3 The prefix rule
    7.2.4 The word class rule
    7.2.5 Secondary word stress
    7.2.6 Summary of word stress in non-compound words
7.3  Stress in compounds and compound-like combinations
    7.3.1 Stress in simple compounds
    7.3.2 Stress in simple compound-like combinations
    7.3.3 The stress of complex compounds
    7.3.4 The stress of compound-like combinations
    7.3.5 Summary of stress in compounds and compound-like combinations
7.4  Rhythm
    7.4.1 Types of rhythm
    7.4.2 The foot
    7.4.3 Main points about rhythm

8    Intonation in American English
8.1  The nature and function of intonation
8.2  What is represented between the two horizontal lines?
8.3  The tone group – structure and demarcation
    8.3.1 Structure
    8.3.2 Demarcation
8.4  The classification of nucleus types
    8.4.1 Simplex and complex nuclei
    8.4.2 The interpretation and transcription of simplex and complex nuclei
8.5  The use of the NAERD nuclei
    8.5.1 The unmarked nuclei in final tone groups
    8.5.2 The unmarked nucleus types in non-final tone groups
8.6  Some communicative implications of the nucleus types
8.7  Simplified transcription
8.8  The intonation of some characteristic syntactic constructions
    8.8.1 Tag questions
    8.8.2 Alternative questions/constructions and enumerations
    8.8.3 Relative clauses
    8.8.4 Sentence adverbials, dialogue mechanisms, comment clauses and vocatives
8.9  Summary of the main points

PART III

9    Variation and change
9.1  Types of inter-segment influence
9.2  Types of assimilation
    9.2.1 Phonetic parameter and direction
    9.2.2 Allophonic or phonemic assimilations
    9.2.3 Word-internal and word-external assimilations
9.3  Elision and Epenthesis
    9.3.1 Elision
    9.3.2 Epenthesis
    9.3.3 Summarising whole-segment processes
9.4  Diachronic change
    9.4.1 Combinatorial i-umlaut
    9.4.2 Combinatorial changes in American English
    9.4.3 System-dependent change: consonant shift and vowel shift
    9.4.4 System-dependent changes in North American English
    9.4.5 Closing remarks

10    Survey of American English dialects
10.1  Introduction
10.2  The main dialect areas
10.3  The North
    10.3.1 The northern area
    10.3.2 Diagnosing the North
    10.3.3 The vowel system of a northern speaker
10.4  The Midland and the West
    10.4.1 The area of the Midland and the West
    10.4.2 Diagnosing the West and the Midland
10.5  The South
    10.5.1 The southern area
    10.5.2 Diagnosing the South
    10.5.3 The vowel system of a southern speaker
10.6  The East
    10.6.1 The eastern area
    10.6.2 Diagnosing the East
    10.6.3 The vowel systems of eastern speakers
10.7  Canada
    10.7.1 The Canadian area
    10.7.2 Diagnosing Canadian English
    10.7.3 The vowel system of a Canadian speaker
10.8  Summing up North American dialects
    10.8.1 Three residual areas
    10.8.2 Summary of the North American English dialects

Bibliography
Index

More on it after I've had time to take a look at the contents. What irritates me is the change between "American English" and "North American English" in the paragraph and section titles.
NAERD stands for North American English Reference Dialect.
Why does the author call it a dialect, not an accent?

distinguish bad manners from bed manners - #3

Imitating the qualities of English /e/ and /æ/ is a difficult task for Germans:

1. /æ/ is non-existent in Standard German;
2. General British (= GB) /æ/ differs from General American (= GA) /æ/;
3. the quality of /e/ a German learner of General British should aim at is but one of many qualities which one can hear in the English-speaking world.

Here are some variants of /æ/:

Germans very frequently produce an /æ/ close to the New Zealand (and South African) variant.
As there's hardly any kinaesthetic/proprioceptive information available during the articulation of /æ/ (and many other vowels), it's vital to concentrate on listening for the correct vowel quality in order to become sensitive for it. To hit the right target is a matter of trial and error.
And - do not mix accents! If you've decided on GB you shouldn't say words like France, dance, grass with an /æ/.
And - do not forget that /æ/ is but a convenient label for a variety of actual pronunciations.
And - it's less important to memorise the transcription symbol than to memorise and automatise the proper pronunciation.
And  - practise, practise, practise until you are certain your listeners are able to distinguish whether you say "Flesh Gordon" or "Flash Gordon". It can be rather embarrassing if you don't hit the proper target. (If you don't know what I'm talking about, you're an honourable person, but you should search the Internet for the difference between the two expressions.)

distinguish bad manners from bed manners - #2

If, as it seems, hearing the difference between /e/ and /æ/ is not a big problem for my German students of English (although they were not brilliant in this task and the words containing these vowels were pronounced by other persons), the problems must lie somewhere else.
Let's look at some of the vowels of the two languages:

The German vowels depicted here (in green) are:
/e:/ as in Beet,
/ɛ/ as in Bett,
/ɛ:/ as in Ähre,
/a/ as in Bann,
/a:/ as in Bahn.
In General British we have these vowels (in blue):
/e/ as in bet,
/æ/ as in bat,
/ɑ:/ as in bard.

1. English /æ/ does not exist in German; the nearest one is short or long /a:/ as in <Bann> and <Bahn>.
2. German /ε/ lies between English /e/ and /æ/; there's no short /e/ in German, only a long /e:/ as in <Beet> and a long /ɛ:/ as in <Ähre>.
3. German <Welle> and <wähle> are pronounced /ε/ and /ε:/ respectively, so there is no qualitative distinction.

credit: mcargobe.wordpress.com

There is a gap in Standard German where General British has the /æ/. Somehow the German brain 'pulls' the English /æ/ towards German /ε/. This tendency is reinforced by English loanwords such as fan, van, band, slapstick, hat trick, laptop, fantasy, manager, match, camping, establishment, action and many others. Germans are used to saying these with an /ε/ instead of an /æ/, which is perfectly all right within the realm of the German language. But when it comes to speaking General British you've got to pronounce them with an /æ/ - no extenuating circumstances are granted.
When I try to talk my German students into using the /æ/ I sometimes can't avoid the impression that some of them have the feeling that they exaggerate the /æ/ - that some other person speaks through them - that I try to make a fool of them. Be it as it may - it's hard work to convince those doubting Thomases. And even when I finally manage to persuade (a few of) them it's still a long and winding and lonesome road till the /æ/ comes naturally out of their mouths.

The quality of these vowels of German and English is a tricky thing. More on it later.

malady

My computer suffers from 'obstipation' at the moment, so there will be no postings for a while.

I gave my computer a purgative medicine last night, and it seems to have had the desired effect.  
It's Monday now and my computer seems to be in a stable health condition. 
My computer is up and running again.

minimal pair sentences: /e/ and /æ/

Here's a list of minimal pair sentences containing words contrasting /e/ and /æ/:
(as at 19th November)

'ear this!

1. You can't say dad/dead on a gravestone.
2. Charles confesses: I love Alan/Ellen.
3. Will the man/men come?
4. This pan/pen leaks.
5. They bought a lot of jams/gems from the specialty shop.
6. He was sanding/sending some furniture when I called.
7. I like Barry's/berries best.
8. I hope you will land/lend me a fish.
9. We had Brad/bread for lunch.
10. It's easy to get feta/fatter. (GB only)
11. I can't find the kettle/cattle.
12. The letter/latter might arrive tomorrow.
13. Don't pet/pat that dog.
14. Some ten/tan leather gloves were stolen.
15. He's a very fleshy/flashy person.
16. Benn/Ban on smoking ads.
17. Mothers are worried about creche/crash kids.
18. This is the latest Texas/taxes survival guide.
19. Celebs are not opposed to the pleasures of the flesh/flash.
20. We had bread/Brad for lunch.
21. I hate nets/gnats over my bed.
22. It was a lonely trek/track through the forest.
23. The police have arrested a rebel/rabble leader.
24. What about some celery/salary?
25. It ends as an elegy/allergy. (GB only)
26. They kept/capped the price.
27. This melody/malady gives me a headache.
28. It's a new pedal/paddle that you need.

(as at 24th November)

29. I formed a small bend/band.
30. My wife sometimes gets into an expensive/expansive mood.

 (mess-mass, bet-bat, Ken-can, band-bend, fed-fad) BTW: This is a treasure trove for finding minimal pairs. Thank you, John Higgins!

distinguish bad manners from bed manners

No - this blog entry is not about bad bediquette such as hogging double duvets in a double bed. Bad bed manners can be a threat to an otherwise happy marriage, as the Daily Mail reported in March 2010. As I'm not a trained marriage counsellor I shall refrain from commenting on such marital problems.
This entry, however, is about the vowels in bad and bed, had or head and similar words.The distinction between /e/ and /æ/ is notoriously difficult for German students of English to produce although it's rather easy to discriminate.
I carried out a tiny experiment with 38 German students of English, who attended my phonetics classes in 2010, an experiment, in which I made them listen to eight minimal pair sentences of the type:
I hope you will land/lend me a fish.
They heard one member of such a pair of sentences only, but saw both on a piece of paper. They were supposed to tick the one they believed to have heard.
Here are the sentences (the colour green marks the one they heard):

1. You can't say dad/dead on a gravestone
2. Charles confesses: I love Alan/Ellen
3. Will the man/men come?
4. This pan/pen leaks
5. They bought a lot of jams/gems from the specialty shop
6. He was sanding/sending some furniture when I called
7. I like Barry's/berries best
8. I hope you will land/lend me a fish

And these are the results in per cent:

1. 71/29
2. 16/84
3. 21/79
4. 05/95
5. 78/22
6. 82/18
7. 92/08
8. 87/13

BTW: It's a real eye-opener - sorry, ear-opener - to many a German student if such minimal pair sentences are used in an exercise: Student A reads out one of the two sentences and student B provides the appropriate answer. Here's an example:

student A	OO	student B
(a)Will the men come?	OO	I haven't invited them
(b)Will the man come?	OO	He's on his way here

So much for the auditory side of these two vowels. Articulatory aspects will be dealt with in a future blog entry.

PS: The sentences were taken from H. Eckert & W. Barry (2005) and  J.D. Bowen (1975). I'm always on the lookout for more minimal pair sentences. I'd be most grateful if you would post some more here.

The Two Ronnies - four candles (7)

B: Pumps.
C: Pumps?
B: Pumps.
C: ‘and {= hand} pumps, foot pumps, c’mon?
B: Foot pumps.
C. Foot pumps. Foot pumps. Tries to find a foot pump. See a foot pump. Got to tidy up in here. Puts the pump on the counter. Here we are.
B: No, pumps [fəjə] {= for your} feet. Brown pumps size nine.
C: You [ɑːrævɪn] {= are having} me on. You are …
B: I’m not! I’m not!
C: … definitely 'avin' me on.
B: No.
C: Slams a pair of pumps on the counter.
B: Washers.
C: [wɒʔ] {= what}? Windscreen washers, car washers, dishwashers, floor washers, back scrubbers, lavatory cleaners, floor washers?
B: Half-inch washers.
C: Oh, tap washers, tap washers.
B: Yeah.
C: Snatches Ronnie B.’s shopping list. Look, I’ve had [əbaʊʔ] {= about} enough of this. Give us that list. Get it all [mɪself] {=myself} down here. What’s this? He tries to read the list.

[wɒsæt]  {=what’s that}? Oh, that does it. That does … (gropes for words) … it. I’ve had just about enough o’ this. Mr. Jones! Please come out and serve this customer, please. Mr. Jones {= J} enters. I’ve just had about enough of this. Look what he’s got on there. Ronnie C. leaves the shop.
J: Right. How many would do you like? One or two? Mr. J. removes a towel hanging over the label of a drawer. The label reads: “Bill hooks”. 

To understand the pun on the label, recall that h-dropping is a typical feature of this accent. D'you need an additional hint?

Phonetic Transcription Editor (4)

credit: www.photransedit.com

Here's a short list of words starting with the letter <a> and the transcription suggestions (in General British; syllabic consonants are not displayed) made by the PhoTransEdit programme:

aboard	əˈbɔːd
abode	əˈbəʊd
abolish	əˈbɒlɪʃ
abolition	ˌæbəˈlɪʃən
abomasum	no transcription offered
A-bomb	ˈeɪbɒm
abominable	əˈbɒmɪnəbəl
abominate	əˈbɒmɪneɪt
abomination	əˌbɒmɪˈneɪʃən
aboriginal	ˌæbəˈrɪdʒənəl
aboriginality	ˌæbəˌrɪdʒəˈnæləti
aborigine	ˌæbəˈrɪdʒəni
aborning	no transcription offered
abort	əˈbɔːt
abortifacient	əˌbɔːtəˈfeɪʃənt
abortion	əˈbɔːʃən
abortionist	əˈbɔːʃənɪst

The words were taken from LPD3. Conclusion: Not bad, but PhoTransEdit is not - and is not intended to be - a substitute for a solid pronunciation dictionary.