John C Wells

It has come to my attention that John Wells suffered a minor stroke on Wednesday (20th of June) and is now in a London hospital. I was told he is in good spirits. Please join me in wishing him a full recovery.

Update (1):

credit: www.stheliervts.co.uk

As of today (23rd of June), John is in St Helier Hospital, Carshalton in a ward which specifically cares for stroke patients.

Update (2):
John has started blogging again, though not yet on a regular basis. Now this seems very promising!

Update (3):

John suspended blogging from hospital because of the appallingly high prices for wifi and the less than satisfactory connection speed.

infection

I seem to have caught a trojan (or two) and I'm trying to get rid of them, which proves quite time-consuming. I shan't be able to post anything because I simply don't have the time.

Does anyone by any chance know how to reactivate the menu which normally pops up when you right-click a hard disk letter (e.g. C) or a folder name in the explorer? When I try to do this nothing happens. I have WIN XP with SP3 installed. My vague guess is that something went wrong in the registry.

Any suggestions, links etc. are appreciated.

I've found a solution to my 2nd problem - the one about the missing context menus in the WIN Explorer:

I had to 'hack' the registry. Somehow (maybe caused by the trojans) an entry had disappeared from the registry. I had to browse to HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Explorer, create the key 'NoViewConextMenu' and assign it the REG_DWORD value '0'. This makes context menus become visible again.

As regards my Trojan 'friends' I've caught two of them.

Aristocratic Eugenie

There's been a minute phonetic uproar about how to pronounce 'Eugenie', one of the daughters of the Duke of York. Not that I really care about how the name of this aristocratic offspring is pronounced, but from a phonetic viewpoint one is compelled, so-to-speak, to deal with the matter. Followers of John Wells's blog found a video clip on the internet featuring an interview with Eugenie's mother, Sarah Ferguson. These followers, including John C Wells himself, seem to hear a word-medial voiced fricative. I beg to differ here. To my ears this is more of a devoiced, if not voiceless fricative, so either [ˈjuːʒ̊əni] or /ˈjuːʃəni/. I favour the latter variant.

But decide for yourselves:

Halfway through the Knight

I've dug myself through 10 of the 20 units in Dr Rachael-Anne Knight's book with the short and succinct title Phonetics.

Unit 1 is a good intro to the relations between sounds and letters and the CV-structures of words.

Unit 2 introduces the concepts of voicing in general and of voiced consonants and the transcription symbols for GB consonants. On p. 18 we read the somewhat infelicitously formulated claim "that the speaker does not use muscles to open and close the folds for every cycle of the vibration." If you know what makes the folds open and close regularly to produce phonation, then the statement is okay. Without such knowledge, the reader might be a bit at a loss. The author continues her explanation: "Instead, muscles are used to narrow them by just the right amount, so that aerodynamic contraints take over and they vibrate in the airstream of the lungs [...]" (18).
 
On p. 20 in exercise 2.4 the reader is asked to

"[l]ook at the bold consonants in each word below.  
many feather check bat need "

 
What is set in bold type is letters representing consonants, not the consonants themselves. Granted - it's only a minor point.

Unit 3 deals with place of articulation and introduces both passive and active articulators. Some of the exercises, e.g. 3.6, are not intended for NNSs of English.

Unit 4 familiarises us with manner of articulation as another feature of consonant description.

Unit 5 shows how consonants are represented by the symbols of the IPA, and midsagittal sections as a means to illustrate articulator configurations for consonants are introduced.

Unit 6 deals with vowels, their similarities and differences to consonants are identified and the cardinal vowels are introduced. The FLEECE vowel is transcribed as /i/ and the KIT vowel as /ɪ/. Dr Knight justifies her choice like this: 

[...] as we have seen, /i/ and /ɪ/ are rather similar, but do differ in the height and frontness of the tongue. Since they are represented by different symbols (/i/ and /ɪ/), it seems unnecessary to distinguish them further by adding a length mark to the longer vowel (that is, /iː/). [...] The only time this can really cause us problems is when we transcribe vowels in unstressed syllables, like that at the end of 'happy'. [...] In this book we will transcribe both vowels as /i/, while remembering that there is in fact a difference in duration between the two.

This may be fine with NSs who grew up with the shortness of the final /i/-sound in words like city or happy. But when it comes to teaching English pronunciation and phonetics to NNSs, I beg to differ with the author. What may cause further confusion with the reader is a set of three transcriptions to be found on p. 76:

Complying with Ms Knight's rule/description/explanation that we ought to transcribe a short i-vowel in unstressed syllables as /i/, shouldn't anything in a), in in b) and believe, eleven and units in c) be transcribed with an /i/, i.e.  shouldn't it be /biliv/? (Why should we transcribe <to write> as /tu rɑɪt/ rather than /tə rɑɪt/, why is the diphthong in <write> /aɪ/ on p. 74 but /ɑɪ/ here and why is there no weakform plus linking-r indicated in the phrase <are on> in sentence b)? Just typos?)


In general the text is typeset flawlessly with the exception of fig. 6.2, where some of the vowel symbols are taken from different fonts (three, at least).

On p. 71 we are informed that /ə/ "only ever occurs in unstressed syllables". Really? Look up <because> in LPD3 or CPD18 and you find a pronunciation variant with schwa in the second, stressed syllable. And what about <just>? (See also this blog post by Jack Windsor Lewis).

In fig. 6.8 the /ɑ/ symbol is the only one which is inside the quadrilateral, whereas in fig. 6.10 it's printed on the outside as all the other primary cardinal vowels.

Unit 7 focuses on airstream mechanisms. Pulmonic egressive and ingressive, glottalic egressive (= ejectives) and ingressive (= implosives) and velaric ingressive (= clicks) sounds are introduced. Mention is even made of the velaric egressive airstream in section 7.5.4, although we could easily dispense with it as "no such sounds are found in human language" (96). 


Unit 8 discusses syllable division, ambisyllabicity, syllabic consonants and some effects of lexical and sentence stress. 


Unit 9 treats allophonic variation, the concept of the minimal pair, devoicing and aspiration while Unit 10 deals with variations in the place of articulation of consonants. Here the author shows that the place of articulation (= POA) of a consonant can be more advanced or more retracted if pronounced in a certain phrase or sentence than what the POA is in the canonical articulation of a consonant. 



More on the book in a future blog post.

Northernmost

credit: Szilagyi Lenke

The northernmost point from which a reader had/has access to my blog lies somewhere in or around Finnsnes in Norway. The town lies at a latitude of 69 degrees north.

Night's phonetics

credit: CUP

I checked out from the library Rachael-Anne Knight's book Phonetics, published in 2012 by CUP. Judging from a very cursory flip through the book, I think, it should rather have been called English Phonetics.

credit: www.rachaelanne.net

The author has been senior lecturer in phonetics at the City University London since 2007.








Here's the
Table of Contents

1. The difference between speech and writing
2. Consonant voicing
3. Consonant place of articulation
4. Consonant manner of articulation
5. The IPA chart and mid-sagittal sections for consonants
6. Vowels
7. Airstream mechanisms
8. Syllables and stress
9. Allophonic variations of voice
10. Allophonic variations of place
11. Allophonic variations of manner
12. Allophonic variations of vowels
13. Allophonic transcription and parametric diagrams
14. Speech sound variation
15. Weak forms and elision
16. Liaison
17. Assimilation
18. Broad transcription
19. Intonation
20. Functions of intonation

More on the book in a future blog post.

Regina Ellis vs. Sweet

Linking up once again with Jack Windsor Lewis's blog (no. 404), I've put together a table which allows a comparison of the weakform words collected and transcribed by Ellis in EEP, vol. 4, and by Henry Sweet in his Elementarbuch des gesprochenen Englisch (Oxford, Leipzig) of 1885. 

		Ellis (1874), p. 1166f.	Sweet (1885). p. 23ff.
1.	a	e, ah, ɐ	ə
2.	am		əm, m
3.	an		ən
4.	and	ɐnd, ɐn, n, nh	ən (+C), ənd (+V), n (e.g. bread and butter), m (e.g. cup and saucer)
5.	are		ə(r)
6.	as	ɐz, z	əz
7.	at		ət
8.	be	bi, bi, bɐ	bɩ̆j, bɩ̆
9.	been		bɩ̆jn, bɩ̆n
10.	by	no chanɡe	bəi, bɩ̆
11.	can	k’n, kn	kən, kn
12.	cannot	no chanɡe
13.	do	du, du, dɐ	də, d
14.	does		dəz
15.	for	fʌ, fʌr, fɐ, fɐr	fŏ(r), fə(r)
16.	from	frɐm	frəm
17.	had		həd, əd, d
18.	have	Hɐv, ɐv, v	həv, əv, v
19.	has		həz, əz, z, s
20.	he	Hi, Hi, i, i	hɩ̆j, ɩ̆j
21.	her	ɐ, ɐr	hə(r)
22.	him		hɩ̆m, ɩ̆m
23.	his	iz	hɩ̆z, ɩ̆z
24.	I	change is not ‘received’
25.	into	intu, intɐ
26.	it	no chanɡe
27.	madam	mæm, mem, mim, məm, mɐm, m’m, m
28.	me	mi, mi, mɐ	mɩ̆j, mɩ̆
29.	must		məst, məs
30.	my	mi (always in myself, my lord)
31.	nor		nŏ(r), nə(r)
32.	not		nt (only in verbal forms)
33.	of	əv, ɐv, ɐ	ŏv, əv, ə
34.	on	no chanɡe	ŏn
35.	one	change is not ‘received’
36.	or	ʌ, ʌr, ɐ, ɐr	ŏ(r), ə(r)
37.	our	no chanɡe
38.	Saint, St.		snt (+V), sn (+C)
39.	shall	shl, shlh
40.	she	shi, shi, sh”i	ʃɩ̆j, ʃɩ̆
41.	should	sh’d, sh‘d	ʃəd
42.	sir	sɐ
43.	some		səm
44.	such		səʧ
45.	than		ðən
46.	that	dhɐt, dh’t
47.	the	dhi, dhy, dhȷ, dh, dhe, dhɐ, dhə	ðɩ̆, ðə
48.	their	dhɐ	ðə(r)
49.	them	dhym, dhɐm	ðəm, əm
50.	there	dhɐ	ðə(r)
51.	there is		ðəz
52.	they	dhe, dhe
53.	they are		ðɛə(r)
54.	till		tɩ̆l, tl
55.	to	tu, tu, tɐ	tŭ (+V), tə (+C)
56.	us	ɐs	əs, s (as in lets)
57.	was		wəz
58.	we	wi, wi	wɩ̆j, wɩ̆
59.	were	wu, wɐr	wə(r)
60.	which	wh‘tsh, witsh
61.	who	Hu, Hu, u
62.	will	wɐl, wl, l	əl, l
63.	with	wi
64.	would	w’d	wəd, əd, d
65.	you	ȷu, ȷu, ȷɐ	jŭw, jŭ, jə
66.	your	ȷɐ, ȷɐr	jŏ(r), jə(r)

Sweet lists 20 weakform words that do not appear in Ellis’s collection. The number of common items is 31 (if one includes on as a weakform word, otherwise 30).